Stabilization Mechanism Analysis and Summary of Stabilization Control of “Double-High” Power Systems

Lang Lang^*

College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China, 110000

*Corresponding author: 20225327@stu.neu.edu.cn

Abstract: In the new power system, “double-high” is an important trend and key technical feature in its development. However, the “double-high” power system is currently facing problems such as weak disturbance resistance and regulation ability. Based on this, the paper comprehensively introduces China’s new energy development from the “double-high” system. At the same time, it also analyzes the differences between the new power system and the traditional power system and a series of problems arising from this. Then, the most critical problem, broadband oscillation, is discussed, the mechanism of oscillation is analyzed, and the current research results and shortcomings are combined to look forward to the future development of the research. Finally, the research on the stabilization technology of “double-high” power system by scholars in recent years is introduced, focusing on the stabilization control based on FFR technology, the stabilizing control based on virtual negative resistance and the tidal stabilization control based on energy storage, which provides a reference for the safe and stable operation of “double-high” power system and make outlooks for future development.

Keywords: “Double-high” system; New energy; Broadband oscillation; FFR technique; Virtual negative resistance; Energy storage.

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of population and productivity, human demand for energy continues to expand, and non renewable resources such as fossil fuels are becoming increasingly scarce. It is expected that by 2050, the total consumption of primary energy in the world will exceed 30 billion tons of standard coal^[1]. So there is an urgent need to transform from traditional power systems to new types of power systems. Canada’s plan is to have renewable energy sources account for 68% of total electricity generation by 2035. The US Department of Energy has planned a high proportion of green power development roadmap, and it is expected that by 2050, renewable energy generation in the United States will account for 80% of the overall power generation. The European Union has set a target for renewable energy to account for 50% of the total energy mix in Europe by 2050. The forecast shows that by 2050, China’s electricity consumption will reach over 15 × 104 billion kilowatt hours, with a per capita electricity consumption of 10000 kilowatt hours ^[2,3], and more than 60% of the electricity will come from renewable energy sources.

Therefore, the widespread integration of high proportion renewable energy and the large-scale application of high proportion power electronic equipment (i.e. “double high”) are urgently needed. In the “dual high” system, wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy, bioenergy, etc. will become the main pillars of power supply. However, among these renewable energy sources, in addition to the good regulation ability of medium and large-scale hydropower, wind energy, solar energy, and microbial power generation are greatly affected by the environment and weather, with weak controllability. The generated electricity has randomness and volatility, bringing many uncertainties to the “dual high” power system. At the same time, with the increase in the proportion of renewable energy generation, it has a certain impact on the design and planning, commissioning and testing, use and maintenance, economic profits, and other aspects of the “dual high” power system^[4].

At the same time, in order to efficiently and flexibly transmit the electricity generated by new energy to the load center, a long-distance high-voltage direct current transmission network has gradually been formed, such as the transmission project from Zhangbei to Beijing ^[5]. Moreover, with the rapid development of science and technology and the continuous upgrading of social industries, the AC power grid is constantly connected to a large number of DC terminals with good control capabilities^[6]. The power electronicization of transmission networks is a major transformation in the field of power systems. It not only changes the way power is transmitted and the structure of the power grid, but also increases the diversity of coupling forms between the generation side, load side, and transmission network. This change has triggered a series of oscillation problems, including mutual coupling oscillations between the generation side and the load side, as well as the participation of power electronic devices in oscillations in the transmission network, further complicating the oscillation characteristics of the power system.

The oscillation problem in the power system is caused by the interaction between various power equipment and network components in the system. With the widespread application of power electronic devices in transmission networks, such as converters, STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensators), and FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems), the dynamic characteristics of the system have become more complex. These power electronic devices can change parameters such as voltage, current, and frequency of the power system, thereby affecting the stability and oscillation behavior of the system.

Researchers and engineers are actively seeking solutions to these oscillation problems. They use advanced control strategies and simulation techniques to model and analyze the dynamic behavior of the power system, in order to identify the root cause of oscillation problems and propose corresponding control measures. In addition, they are committed to developing new types of power electronic devices and smart grid technologies to improve system stability and robustness, thereby better addressing the challenges posed by power system oscillations.

In the future, with the further development of the power system and the improvement of intelligence level, oscillation problem will still be an important issue that needs to be continuously studied and solved. Through continuous innovation and cooperation, the power industry will be able to better address oscillation issues and ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system ^[7,8].

This article will analyze the current development of new energy generation in China, reveal the characteristics of the “dual high” power system and its impact on traditional power systems, and then summarize the stability mechanism analysis and stability control of the “dual high” power system. It will analyze and discuss the instability mechanism of broadband oscillation after the integration of the “dual high” system and how to formulate stability control technology to cope with the weak disturbance and weak regulation of the “dual high” system. Finally, it will summarize and elaborate on the stability control methods and development directions of the “dual high” power system ^[9].

2. Overview of the “Double High” System

2.1 The Development Status of New Energy Power Generation in China

New energy has obvious characteristics such as renewability, environmental protection, and low carbon compared to traditional fossil fuels. Against the backdrop of the global consensus to peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality, new energy is gradually becoming the mainstream choice. With its abundant resources and clean advantages, it is expected to help China overcome the dilemma of excessive dependence on traditional fossil fuels and achieve energy security and sustainable economic and social development. New energy power generation mainly utilizes resources such as wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy, biomass energy, etc., and is one of the important ways to utilize unconventional energy.

At present, China’s wind, solar, and hydro power generation has entered a stage of large-scale development and achieved significant achievements^[10]. The average annual growth rate of new energy power generation installed capacity in China exceeded 30% during the 13th Five Year Plan period. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, the proportion of installed power capacity in China in 2020 is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Proportion of installed power capacities of China in 2020

As shown in Figure 1, although thermal power is still the main source, the installed capacity of wind, solar, and hydro power has also formed a certain scale. Meanwhile, according to the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics in the same year, the proportion of electricity generation in China is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Power generation proportion of China in 2020

During the current 14th Five Year Plan period, peaking carbon emissions has become a key goal and an important window period. During this period, the development of new energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydro will rapidly advance. The proportion of installed capacity and power generation of new energy in China will significantly increase, which will put higher demands on the acceptance and regulation capabilities of the power system. However, the existing power system is difficult to adapt to the rapid growth of new energy, therefore, there is an urgent need to build a “dual high” power system that can adapt to the widespread access of high proportion renewable energy and the large-scale application of high proportion power electronic equipment.

2.2 Challenges faced by the “dual high” power system

2.2.1 Issues arising from the widespread integration of high proportion renewable energy into the power grid

Due to changes in the environment and the impact of complex and variable weather, new energy generation has volatility and randomness. Compared with conventional stable thermal power generation units, wind and solar power generation may bring about a peak reversal pressure of about 20% to the “double high” power grid due to the anti peak characteristics caused by long-term lack of wind and nighttime lack of light. In special environments, this pressure is even higher, and it also puts higher requirements on the self-regulation ability of the power system. The daily fluctuation of wind power generation can reach up to 80% of the installed capacity, which makes it difficult for wind power generation to pass through power grid disturbances due to low response to power imbalance caused by the system.

At the same time, there is a serious imbalance between the distribution of renewable energy and the electricity load in China. High quality scenic resources are concentrated in the Three North regions, while our electricity consumption is mainly concentrated in the eastern and central regions. So the electricity generated by new energy in the northwest needs to be transported through a long-distance high-voltage transmission network to the central and eastern regions. However, the existing high-voltage transmission network is far from meeting transportation requirements, and the planning difficulty and long cycle after the new pipeline is connected are not conducive to the rapid development of large-scale renewable energy integration into the power grid ^[11].

2.2.2 Problems arising from the large-scale application of high proportion power electronic equipment

At present, the power generation sources of the “double high” power system are mainly divided into full power converter types represented by wind power and photovoltaic modules, and partial power converter types represented by wind turbines. The full power converter type is directly connected to the grid by the inverter, so the structure and control characteristics of the inverter determine its fault characteristics, while some power converter types are connected to the grid by the motor controlled by the inverter, so the controlled motor characteristics determine their fault characteristics. The power generation sources of the “double high” power system mainly include problems such as broadband oscillation and current short circuit ^[12].

3. Instability mechanism and research status of broadband oscillation

3.1 Broadband oscillation event

In order to provide stable and good electrical energy to users, the power system should always maintain dynamic balance during the power supply process, that is, current balance and voltage recovery. But when random disturbances occur in the system, the “source grid load” balance relationship between the power source, grid, and users is disrupted. Due to the randomness and volatility of new energy generation, grid oscillations occur during the allocation of power equipment in the grid. Meanwhile, if the parameters of certain components resonate with other components in the system or if the circuit design or component parameters of electronic devices are improper, it may also lead to wideband oscillations in the power system. With the rapid development of the “dual high” power system, broadband oscillation events continue to occur around the world, as shown in Table 1.

Tab 1 Example of broadband oscillation events

It can be seen that broadband oscillation events occur frequently in various countries and regions, and have become an urgent problem to be analyzed and solved in the “dual high” system ^[13].

3.2 Instability mechanism of broadband oscillation

In the “dual high” power system, the broadband oscillation problem caused by the differentiated access of power electronic devices involves the interaction of multiple types of devices and multiple time scales, forming a complex and intricate system challenge. To solve the problem of high proportion of new energy generation being exported, it is usually necessary to transport it to the load center, which is often achieved through high-voltage AC lines or flexible DC lines. The strengthening of high-voltage AC or DC transmission lines not only enhances the connection between regional power grids, but also promotes energy complementarity between regions. However, the oscillation energy of the power system can also propagate between the “double high” power grids, expanding the impact range of the oscillation.

The main factor causing broadband oscillation is the large-scale integration of high proportion and diverse power electronic equipment, which is the main reason for the generation of broadband oscillation in the “dual high” system. With the rapid development of new energy generation technologies such as wind power and photovoltaic power generation, large-scale power electronic equipment has been introduced into the power system. These power electronic devices have the characteristics of fast response and high flexibility, but their integration also brings challenges in frequency response, dynamic stability, and other aspects.

Especially in the “dual high” power grid, due to the increasing scale and complexity of the differentiated access of power electronic equipment, their interactions can lead to instability of system frequency and voltage, thereby causing broadband oscillation problems. This oscillation phenomenon not only affects the stability of the power system in a single region, but also expands the impact range of oscillation through energy propagation between the “double high” power grids, bringing adverse effects to the operation of the power grid.

Therefore, to solve the problem of broadband oscillation in the “dual high” power system, it is necessary to comprehensively consider factors such as the access characteristics of power electronic equipment, the system frequency response capability, and the design of transmission lines, and adopt appropriate control and regulation strategies to ensure the stable operation of the power system ^[14].

Broadband oscillation mainly involves oscillations caused by the interaction between power electronic devices and synchronous generators, transmission networks, and other power electronic devices. These oscillations can be classified into the following types:

(1) The interaction between power electronic equipment and synchronous generators: This interaction may cause torsional vibration of the rotating shaft system of synchronous generator sets, such as sub synchronous oscillation caused by the flexible DC transmission interaction between synchronous generators and voltage source converters.

(2) The interaction between power electronic devices and transmission networks: This interaction may generate electrical oscillations and machine grid coupling oscillations, such as high-frequency resonances caused by the docking of phase-locked loops between transmission networks and power electronic grid connected converters.

(3) The interaction between power electronic devices: This interaction may also lead to electrical oscillations and machine grid coupling oscillations, such as sub synchronous oscillations caused by the interaction between flexible DC transmission of direct drive wind turbines and voltage source converters.

In addition to the types of oscillations mentioned above, there are other types of oscillations such as frequency oscillations, mutual oscillations, and transient oscillations, which also have a significant impact on the stability and operational performance of power systems.

Therefore, in order to ensure the stable operation of the power system, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and effective management of broadband oscillation phenomena. This includes analyzing the mechanisms of different types of oscillations, developing corresponding control and regulation strategies to reduce the impact of oscillations on the power system, and improving the stability and reliability of the system.

• 3 research status

At present, the analysis methods for the wideband oscillation phenomenon of the “dual high” system can be roughly divided into two categories: time-domain and frequency-domain, as shown in Table 2.

Tab 2 Research methods based on broadband oscillation

However, most of the current mainstream methods are applied to the analysis of a single scenario, lacking research on modeling methods for coupling multiple power electronic devices, as well as long-term and multi spatial dimensions, making it difficult to solve the problem of broadband oscillation from the root.

To comprehensively analyze the wideband oscillation problem in the “dual high” system, researchers have proposed a series of improved analysis methods. Firstly, they introduced an improved impedance network model to interconnect the impedance models of various power devices based on the topology of the power grid.

Secondly, they adopt frequency domain analysis methods to reflect the topology structure of the power grid, and calculate the relevant information of all oscillation modes of the system through eigenvectors, in order to better understand the oscillation sources and paths of broadband oscillations.

In response to the static series compensator problem caused by the integration of new energy generation into the grid, researchers have introduced a system impedance model based on synchronous coordinate system and proposed a stability quantification analysis method. In addition, they also conducted research on open-loop mode resonance theory and applied it to analyze wideband oscillation problems. They constructed a criterion for wideband oscillation instability caused by wind power integration and verified the applicability of this method in analyzing wideband oscillations in power systems.

At the same time, some scholars have utilized real-time electromagnetic transient simulation software and relied on super parallel computers to construct a mixed signal simulation platform for studying the integration of high proportion and multiple types of power electronic equipment into AC/DC coupled power grids. They used this platform to simulate and analyze the broadband phenomenon of the “dual high” system, providing important tools and data support for understanding and solving broadband oscillation problems ^{[15, 16]}.

• 4 Future prospects

Guided by national policies, regulations, and related supporting plans, it is known that the “dual high” power system will gradually become popular. Therefore, higher requirements have been put forward for further research on the nature of broadband oscillation and the completeness and reliability of solutions. Future research in this area should be conducted from the following aspects:

1) Further exploration of the essential mechanism of broadband oscillation in the “dual high” power system is necessary. Only by truly understanding its essence can the most effective solution be proposed.

2) Further improve the construction of the simulation platform, combine it with the rapidly developing supercomputer technology for model introduction and data processing, enhance the stability and accuracy of simulation, so that we can conduct research more intuitively.

3) Further improving the modeling method, algorithm construction should widely consider the coupling of multiple types of electronic devices and energy access, and take into account the effects of long time spans and multiple spatial dimensions to ensure that it can effectively solve the problem of broadband oscillation.

4) In response to the current “dual high” power system, monitoring, prediction, and information acquisition systems should be added in areas where broadband oscillations are prone to occur or are likely to occur. On the one hand, the collected data can be used to analyze the mechanism, and on the other hand, potential wideband oscillations can be predicted and corresponding measures can be taken in a timely manner to minimize their harm and losses ^[17].

4. Stability control technology in the “dual high” system

With the gradual depletion of traditional non renewable energy sources and the increasing awareness of environmental protection among people, the development of renewable energy generation has become an inevitable trend. However, when a large amount of renewable energy generation is connected to the power system, a series of problems also arise accordingly. The energy management methods, regulation algorithms, and supply-demand stability mechanisms of the “dual high” power system differ significantly from traditional power systems. Therefore, in order to adapt to the “dual high” power system, some control and stability methods in traditional power systems must be changed. The most crucial aspect is how to deal with the volatility, randomness, and intermittency of renewable energy generation. In response to the above issues, scholars at home and abroad have proposed various stabilization control techniques in the “dual high” system.

4.1 Stability Control Based on FFR Technology

FFR technology, also known as fast frequency response technology, is a technology proposed by foreign power grids in recent years that utilizes various resources such as wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy, energy storage, bioenergy, and high-voltage direct current transmission to participate in frequency response, solve the problem of low inertia in “dual high” systems, and achieve stable control. It is considered one of the most effective solutions.

FFR technology is a technique that rapidly injects useful power in the early stages of frequency changes in the power system. The main principle is to quickly adjust the output of various resources and inject additional useful power when the system frequency changes, in order to restore the power of the system to a balanced state and achieve stable control.

(1) Regarding wind power generation

For wind power generation, the main utilization is the kinetic energy of the rotor. When there is a change or imbalance in the frequency of the power system, some kinetic energy can be released by adjusting the rotor speed of the wind turbine to generate additional useful power. This additional power injection helps to reduce the frequency deviation of the system and slow down the rate of frequency change, thereby stabilizing the system operation.

Specifically, when the wind power generation system experiences frequency imbalance, the following measures can be taken:

1). Adjust the fan rotor speed: When the system frequency deviates from the standard value, control the fan rotor speed to change the fan output power. By adjusting the angle of the fan blades or the pitch mechanism, the rotor speed of the fan can be controlled to be opposite to the direction of system frequency imbalance. This can release some of the kinetic energy of the wind turbine rotor, convert it into additional useful power, and inject it into the grid.

2). Slowing down the rate of frequency change: The fast response characteristics of wind power generation systems enable them to quickly adjust output power when the system frequency changes. By rapidly releasing kinetic energy and injecting additional power, the rate of system frequency change can be slowed down, avoiding frequent frequency fluctuations and helping to maintain system frequency stability.

3). Improving system inertia: The flexibility and fast response characteristics of wind power generation systems can enhance the overall inertia of the power system. When other power sources cannot meet the frequency response requirements, wind power generation systems can quickly adjust their power output to fill the gap in the power system’s frequency response capability, thereby improving the system’s stability.

(2) Regarding the volatility of renewable energy generation

Introducing energy storage devices with flexible charging and discharging capabilities is an effective solution to address the volatility of renewable energy generation. These energy storage devices can respond quickly, with a response speed of up to milliseconds, and can quickly respond and compensate for fluctuations in renewable energy generation.

Specifically, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar have volatility, and their power generation varies with changes in weather and wind speed conditions. In order to balance the supply and demand of the power system, it is necessary to introduce energy storage devices to cope with this volatility. These energy storage devices can include technologies such as batteries, supercapacitors, and pumped storage.

When renewable energy generation fluctuates, energy storage devices can quickly store excess electricity or quickly release stored electricity to compensate for the supply-demand gap in the power system. Its response speed is very fast, able to respond in milliseconds. This fast response capability enables energy storage devices to effectively smooth the volatility of renewable energy generation and maintain stable operation of the power system.

By introducing energy storage devices with flexible charging and discharging capabilities, efficient utilization of renewable energy can be achieved, and fast and reliable frequency regulation and power balancing capabilities can be provided for the power system. This is of great significance for achieving sustainable development of the power system and increasing the penetration rate of renewable energy ^[18].

(3) Regarding the load

Research on load has shown that adjusting the deviation of stable response frequency through controllable load demand is an effective strategy. This includes implementing temperature controlled loads that can respond to frequency deviations in a short period of time.

Under this strategy, the load side can adjust its power demand according to changes in the power system frequency to balance the supply and demand relationship of the system. For example, by controlling the working state of a constant temperature controlled load ^[19] (such as heating, air conditioning, etc.) or adjusting its power demand, the power consumption on the load side can be quickly adjusted in a short period of time to respond to changes in the frequency of the power system.

There are currently relevant application cases that demonstrate that incorporating the load side as part of the frequency response can achieve good results. For example, there are already relevant application examples in fields such as metal smelting, electric vehicles, and uninterruptible power supplies ^[20]. By implementing frequency response on the load side in these fields, it is possible to effectively regulate the frequency deviation of the power system and improve its stability.

Therefore, the frequency response on the load side can not only regulate the power balance of the power system by controlling the load demand, but also improve the frequency stability of the system, reduce the pressure on the power generation side, and achieve reliable operation of the power system. This strategy is of great significance for achieving intelligent, flexible, and sustainable development of the power system.

4.2 Stability control based on virtual negative resistance

The control strategy of Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is of great significance in current research. Recent literature research has proposed various novel strategies to address this issue, in order to achieve system stability and performance optimization.

Firstly, in reference ^[21], a new self stabilization method is proposed, which introduces the PLL angular frequency deviation into the active current/power command to achieve automatic adjustment of the system equilibrium point. However, this method may be limited by the capacity of the inverter. This means that the method may not be able to meet the requirements under high loads or when there are drastic system changes.

Next is reference ^[22], which proposes an additional damping control strategy that can significantly improve the small signal oscillation problem in wind power generation systems. However, in the absence of a balance point, this method carries the risk of instability. This indicates that the stability of the method may be challenged when there are drastic system changes or external disturbances.

Finally, reference ^[23] explores the optimal ratio method of active/reactive current commands based on line impedance to inductance ratio to ensure that the system can maintain its equilibrium point during faults. However, this method may not meet the reactive power requirements in the grid guidelines ^[24]. Therefore, in some cases, the system may not be able to meet the power grid’s requirements for power balance.

The improved PLL control structure based on virtual negative resistance is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 improved control structure

After adopting the PLL based on virtual negative resistance strategy, it can be applied to the field of new energy generation, where the equivalent circuit diagram of the doubly fed induction wind turbine is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 equivalent circuit diagram of doubly fed induction wind turbine

In summary, the current research work is dedicated to developing a PLL control strategy that comprehensively considers stability, performance optimization, and system capacity limitations. Further research and improvement of these strategies will help improve the operational efficiency and stability of wind power generation systems to meet the needs of the power system.

4.3 Power flow stabilization control based on energy storage

The large-scale DC connection of new energy generation to the “dual high” power grid has caused AC and DC faults, which will lead to large-scale power flow transfer and instability of the power grid, becoming an urgent problem to be solved in the “dual high” power system. Reference  maximizes the role of energy storage as the primary regulation measure, and proposes a combined control method for power flow stabilization control by combining optimization planning methods ^{[25, 26]} and sensitivity methods ^{[27, 28]}.

In this model, the design of the objective function is crucial. Its purpose is to minimize costs as much as possible while ensuring system stability. This can be achieved by balancing the costs of regulating the generator set and energy storage output, as well as the efficiency of system operation. At the same time, the addition of constraints ensures that the system can remain stable while meeting various operational limitations.

To verify the reliability and stability of the model, a large number of experiments can be conducted using simulation software. These experiments can simulate various operating conditions and external disturbances to evaluate the performance of the proposed control strategy in different scenarios. Through sufficient simulation verification, the feasibility and effectiveness of the model in practical applications can be ensured.

In summary, the model comprehensively considers multiple control strategies and achieves stable control of the “dual high” power system by optimizing the objective function and considering constraint conditions. Through simulation verification, the reliability and effectiveness of the model have been proven, providing a feasible solution for solving the problem of system power flow transfer.

5. Conclusions

According to national policy guidance and the current situation of energy shortage, new power grid systems containing a high proportion of energy and high proportion of power electronic devices are gradually becoming popular. The various characteristics of the power system have also undergone significant changes, which have also brought about a series of related problems such as broadband oscillation.

This article provides an overview of the stability mechanism analysis and stability control of the “dual high” power system. Firstly, an overview of the “dual high” system is provided, introducing the current development status of new energy generation in China and the problems arising from the widespread integration of high proportion renewable energy into the power grid and the large-scale application of high proportion power electronic equipment. Next, an analysis of broadband oscillation in the “dual high” system will be conducted. Firstly, the power grid accidents caused by broadband oscillation in recent years will be listed. Then, the mechanism of broadband oscillation and related research status will be specifically analyzed. Finally, prospects for future research development will be proposed. Finally, the current stabilization control strategies in the dual high system were listed, and the basic principles and advantages of stabilization control based on FFR technology, stabilization control based on virtual negative resistance, and power flow stabilization control based on energy storage were introduced.

However, at present, the fundamental mechanism and causes of broadband oscillation have not been identified, and the modeling methods studied still need to be improved in terms of stability and reliability. At the same time, there are still certain shortcomings in the stability control technology of the “dual high” system in terms of system coupling and interaction over long time spans and multiple spatial dimensions. So in the future, we should establish a more comprehensive model system to simulate the “dual high” system and reveal the essence of broadband oscillation. And use better control algorithms to achieve stable control, providing guarantees for the stable operation of future new power systems.

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